Overview of the Calvin Cycle In plants, carbon dioxide enters the interior of a leaf via pores called stomata and diffuses into the stroma of the chloroplast—the site of the Calvin cycle reactions, where sugar is synthesized. These reactions are also called the light-independent reactions because they are not directly driven by light. In the …
Gene expression is the process by which the genetic code – the nucleotide sequence – of a gene is used to direct protein synthesis and produce the structures of the cell. Genes that code for amino acid sequences are known as ‘structural genes’. Gene control regions: A promoter. A region a few hundred nucleotides ‘upstream’ …
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Unlike NK cells of the innate immune system, B cells (B lymphocytes) are a type of white blood cell that gives rise to antibodies, whereas T cells (T lymphocytes) are a type of white blood cell that plays an important role in the immune response. T cells are a key component in the cell-mediated response—the …
Questions Antitrust laws make certain “anticompetitive” practices illegal because these practices raise prices andreduce output, which reduces the total amount of consumer surplus. Why are antitrust laws uncommon inmarkets that are highly contestable? a. Since the market is contestable, antitrust laws are illegal. b. In contestable markets, there is always the threat of losing the …
Test answers and terms to learn Which of the following statements about a typical plasma membrane is correct? a. Phospholipids are the primary component that determines which solutes can cross the plasma membrane. b. The plasma membrane is a covalently linked network of phospholipids and proteins that controls the movement of solutes into and out …
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Terms and Answers to Learn Which term describes the degree to which an element attracts electrons? Electronegativity. Which terms describe two atoms when they form a bond in which electrons are completely transferred from one atom to the other? Anion and cation. Which of the following statements is true of the bonds in a water …
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Before scientists understood the process of photosynthesis, they were at a loss to explain how plants could grow and increase their mass so dramatically from what appeared to be a steady diet of water. A 17th-century Flemish chemist named Jean Baptista van Helmont thought plants “extracted” the bulk of their food from soil (Van Helmont, …
Where does translation take place? a) Endoplasmic reticulum b) Ribosome c) Golgi apparatus d) Nucleus b) Ribosome Which nucleic acid is translated to make a protein? a) DNA b) rRNA c) tRNA d) mRNA d) mRNA Which of the following processes is an example of a post-translational modification? a) Initiation b) Peptide bond formation c) …
