When Justice Black refers to Giboney v. Empire Storage & Ice Co. in the dissenting opinion for Tinker v. Des Moines, which kind of reasoning is he using to support his argument?

The correct answer is D. Precedent.

Justice Black refers to Giboney v. Empire Storage & Ice Co. to illustrate how past decisions (or precedents) should inform current legal interpretations and applications. By using precedent, he supports his argument that the principles established in earlier cases should guide the outcome of Tinker v. Des Moines. This strengthens his position by grounding it in established judicial history.

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