What type of powers have been given exclusively to the states in the Constitution?

The correct answer is B. reserved.

Reserved powers are those powers that are not specifically granted to the federal government by the Constitution and are therefore reserved for the states. This concept is outlined in the Tenth Amendment, which states that powers not delegated to the United States, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. Examples of reserved powers include the ability to regulate education, maintain public safety, and conduct elections.