What is the process by which a ribosome, using genetic information coded in messenger RNA, constructs proteins from amino acids?

The correct answer is translation.

Translation is the process where ribosomes synthesize proteins by using the genetic code carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). During this process, the ribosome reads the sequence of codons in mRNA, and tRNA (transfer RNA) brings the corresponding amino acids to assemble them into a protein chain.

If you have more questions or need further clarification, feel free to ask!