What is membrane potential V?

Membrane potential (V) is the electric potential difference across a cell membrane, resulting from the distribution of ions inside and outside the cell. It is typically measured in millivolts (mV) and reflects the ability of the cell to generate electrical signals. The membrane potential is crucial for various cellular processes, including nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction. It depends on the concentration gradients of ions such as sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), and chloride (Cl-), as well as the permeability of the membrane to these ions.