What is membrane potential V?

Membrane potential V, also known as the membrane voltage, is the difference in electric potential across a cell membrane. It is primarily caused by the distribution of ions, such as sodium, potassium, and chloride, inside and outside of the cell. This potential is crucial for various cellular processes, including the generation of action potentials in neurons and muscle cells, influencing how signals are transmitted within the body. The resting membrane potential typically ranges from -60 to -90 millivolts in most cells, meaning the inside of the cell is negatively charged relative to the outside.