Think about the events below. Which of these happened before Johannes Gutenberg perfected his printing press?
A. Scribes copied text by hand.
B. People read the latest news in daily pamphlets.
C. Writers shared widely their messages for reform.
D. People received constant news updates.
The correct answer is A. Scribes copied text by hand.
Explanation: Before Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press in the mid-15th century, texts were primarily copied by hand by scribes. This was a time-consuming and labor-intensive process. Options B, C, and D refer to developments that were possible due to the invention of the printing press, which allowed for the mass production of written materials and facilitated the spread of information.