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Prokaryotes are classified as belonging to two different domains. What are the domains?
Answer
The two domains to which Prokaryotes belong are the Bacteria and Archaea domains.
Prokaryotes, which include bacteria and archaea, may be found almost everywhere – in every ecosystem, on every surface of our homes, and even within our bodies! Some live in extreme environments unsuitable for other animals, such as hot vents on the seafloor.
Prokaryotes can be difficult to discover, identify, and categorize since they are all around us. The prokaryotic species that we recognize today constitute only a tiny percentage of the total number of prokaryotic species thought to exist.
To discuss the search for prokaryotic species, we must first understand what they are. It may appear to be a simple question, but it’s a complicated and even contentious issue for a microbiologist.
Most scientists define a species as a group of organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring, but this definition does not apply to prokaryotes. This definition makes sense for reproducing sexually, but it doesn’t work so well for things like bacteria. Bacteria make copies of themselves by reproducing asexually; they do not interbreed.
Bacteria and archaea are classified scientifically according to similarities in form, physiology, and genetics. Many organisms have traditional Linnean taxonomic categories such as genus and species. The issue of whether prokaryotes should be classified into species is still a point of contention among experts. The correct “species concept” for these creatures is yet to be determined.
eukarya arose from archaes
bacteria the domain live in more moderate habitats and are mostly known for their diseases
bacteria is able to survive harsh conditions as dormant akinetes or endospores
they can use oxygen in aerobic respiration or get energy from anaerobic fermentation or use chemical rxns to obtain energy
can use 02 or not depending on its availability
these organisms obtain their energy by fermentation or anaerobic respiration
many mutualistic bacteria live in symbioses with 2 or more other bacterial species that supply eachother with nutrients
bacteria are involved win many mutually beneficial symbiosis- provide eukaryotes with minerals
they promote absorption of nutrients and are involved with our immune system
however some bacteria are harmful because parasitic microbes causes disease symptoms.
eukaryotes are more closely related to archaea
bacteria are ester bonded phospholipids whilst eukaryotes are have ether bonded phospholipids
there is a similarity between eukarya and archeaa in their lipid structure but eukaryotes has more internal membrane
found in almost every habitat
They are mostly unicellular and primarily found in moist habitats
2) Protozoa- animal like protists
3) fungus like protists- absorptive nutrition (absorb molecules)
1) flagella- flagellates can swim using flagella which can also be used to bring in food
2) cilia- smaller and more numerous and can support larger organism bc all cilia moving at once
3) pseudopod- amobeoid movement
extension of cytoplasm into pseudopod aka false foot. they move toward food source and the rest of the cytoplasm follows after them. (protist cells that move by pseudopod are describes as ameoboid)
4) snail like movement- glide along surfaces by secreting slime
mixotroph
phagotroph
osmotroph
2) some protists have sexual reproduction in which their gametes are haploid and the zygote is diploid
Decomposers- they break down organic animal and plant matter. without fungi working as decomposers, plants would take forever to break down because of the molecule lignin.
Fungi also recycles nutrients
Fungi pathogens also cause many plant diseases
fungi have mutualisms normall w plants and plants benefit from their association with hyphae because the hyphae is connected to plants roots which increases the surface area for water absorption
lichens evolved independently mutliple times
can be chemo heterotrophs just like animals meaning their carbon source comes from organic compunds and energy from other compounds
water enters fungal hyphae by means of osmosis and swells the hyphal tip which produces force necessaru for tip extension
– breaking off a hyphae
Fungi reproduce asexually by means of asexual spores
the asexual spores are known as conidia- produces at the hyphal tips
when land on favorable substrate, the conidia (asexual spores) germinate into a new mycellium
fungal hyphae occurs in multimating types that differ biochemically
during sexual reproductiona hyphal branch of mycellium fuses with hyphal branch of different mycellium
the union of the cytoplasms of two parent mycelia
for many fungi, haploid gamete nuclei remain seperate for a long time after plasmogamy occurs. gamete nuclei divide at each cell division producing mycellium that is dikaryotic or heterokaytoic
-can move at at least one point in their life
chemo heterotroph
generally more specialized structures and sensory abilities
lack cell walls
2) greater cephilization
3) greater specialization of body parts
)2 tissue layers (dipoblastic)
3) triploblastic0 3 tissue layers
echinoderms and chordata
phylum porifera
sponges-aquatic
loosely organized
asexual and sexual reproduction
radial symmetry
have true tissue
diploblastic
the cnetophora have a complete digestive track while cnidara have a one way digestive track
lophotrochozoans
includes:
platyhelminthese
rotifersa
lopophorata (bryozoa and brachiopoda)
mollusca
and annelida
aceolomate- no body cavity
but they are tripoblastic. they have no specialized organs
cephilization-head
protonephridia- waste diffuses out
wheel like crown of cillia
pseudoceolomate. it is triploblastic but not a full body cavity
complete digestive track
cephilization
true body cavity
hermaphrodite
ceolom pretty small
3 main body part: foot, mantle( covers visceral mass) and the visceral mass aka the internal organs
closed circulatoru system
ceolomates
cephilization- brain like structures
known for segmentation
psuedocoelomates
inhabitat all habitats
tough callogen cuticle
large number of parasitic species
first group of animals to invade land
deal w temp changes via exoskeleton
molting
varying body segments
circulatory system
deuterostome development
filter feeders
known for special type of radial symmetry 5 parts
no cephilization
larvae- have bilateral symmetry
includes green plants and land plants
all have chlorophyll- green pigment
1) plasmodesmata
2)plant specific features of cell division
3)sexual reproduction
moving sperm and egg with out water
protection from drying out
uptaking nutrients whether dissolves or as a gas
the advantage is that there are more spores more multicellular sporophytes compared to just 1 zygote
vascular can be further subdivided into seed/ seedless
those with seed can be gymniosperm or angiosperm
have embryo, gametangia, and sporangia.
-500 mya
small and resitricted to small habitats
reliant on water , small
reproduction requires water
lack true roots, stems, leaves
zygote protected in archegonium and embryo nurtured in archegonium
2 phyla (lycohpytes and pteridophytes)
1) water conducting tissue- vascular tissue
2) sporophyte dominant to gametophyte
3) cuticle- waxy covering on leaves to prevent drying out
4) true stem. leave, roots
5) stomata- pores on surface can be opened/ closed to prevent dessication and let carbon dioxide in- regulates gas exchange
1) woody tissue which provide structure
2) seeds- zygote, food, protective coating
3) ovule- structure that develops into seed
4) pollen carries sperm
no fruit
ex: ginkos, conifers
3 main innovation
1) flowers- specialized reproductive structures to attract pollinators and more pollen and female part of other flowers
not reliant upon chance, more efficient than wind pollination
2) fruits- develop after fertilization from aprts of the flower, attract animals and disperse seeds
3) endosperm-nutritive tissue in seed
2) carbon dioxide gas for photosynthesis and to build plant
co2 gas taken up thru stomata, a limiting nutrient
3) water- involved in sev chem rxns (metabolism and photosynth)
pushes up against cell wall and gives plant rigidity
water is the transport medium for things such as dissolved minerals and sugar
4) minerals- dissolved in water and taken up by roots. mg central moelcule in chlorophyll
ca- involved in cell signalling and K regualtes cell water content
rhizobia coexists in root nodules and are fed in exchange for nitrogen fixing
have enzymes to digest insects
mostly getting minerals
live in sunny. moist habitat w water but shitty soil
grow into or onto another plants
putting roots in host plant to meet their needs
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