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Which of the following is INCORRECTLY matched with its secreting organ?
a) TRH – hypothalamus
b) TSH – posterior pituitary
c) thyroxine – thyroid gland
d) triiodothyronine – thyroid gland
A decrease in the level of thyroxine would increase the secretion of _______.
a) neither TSH nor TRH
b) TSH
c) TRH
d) both TSH and TRH
A hypophysectomized rat is missing its ______.
a) pituitary gland
b) thyroid gland
c) adrenal gland
d) hypothalamus
Thyroxine is a __________.
a) hormone that works through a second-messenger system
b) slow-acting hormone that enters the nucleus
c) hormone that enters the nucleus
d) slow-acting hormone
e) slow-acting hormone that works through a second-messenger system
Which of the following hormones is regulated by a positive feedback mechanism?
a) oxytocin
b) thyroxine
c) TRH
d) TSH
Which rat(s) was euthyroid without any injections?
a) the normal rat and the hypophysectomized rat
b) the hypophysectomized rat
c) the normal rat
d) the thyroidectomized rat
An abnormally high level of which of the following will result in goiter?
a) thyroxine
b) either TRH or TSH
c) TSH
d) TRH
e) either thyroxine or TRH
Why did the TSH have NO effect on the BMR of the thyroidectomized rat?
a) the metabolism of the rat is already too low
b) the metabolism of the rat is already too high
c) the rat is missing its pituitary gland
d) the rat is missing its thyroid gland
The injection of TSH resulted in goiter in ________.
a) the hypophysectomized rat
b) the normal rat
c) the thyroidectomized rat
d) the normal rat and the hypophysectomized
Propylthiouracil injections resulted in goiter formation in _________.
a) the normal rat
b) the thyroidectomized rat
c) the hypophysectomized rat
d) the normal rat and the hypophysectomized rat
Glucose is stored in the human body as ________.
a) glucagon
b) insulin
c) glycogen
d) plant starch
Which hormone stimulates the breakdown of polymerized glucose?
a) glycogen
b) insulin
c) glucagon
d) plant starch
Glucose remains in the bloodstream as a result of ______.
a) type 2 diabetes mellitus
b) type 1 diabetes mellitus
c) type 1 diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus
d) type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus
e) diabetes insipidus
Excess glucose can be found in the urine ________.
a) when the transport maximum for reabsorption in the kidney tubules is exceeded, as a result of type 1 diabetes or as a result of type 2 diabetes
b) as a result of type 2 diabetes
c) as a result of type 1 diabetes
d) when the transport maximum for reabsorption in the kidney tubules is exceeded
In this experiment, optical density is measured using a _________.
a) thermocycler
b) spectrophotometer
c) caliper
d) microscope
Using this assay, glucose concentration is _______.
a) directly proportional to optical density
b) inversely proportional to the volume of blood sampled
c) inversely proportional to optical density
d) directly proportional to the volume of blood sampled
Which of the patients tested was (were) in the diabetic range?
a) patients 3 and 4
b) patients 3 and 5
c) patient 3
d) patients 3, 4, and 5
Which of the patients tested was (were) in the borderline range for insulin-mediated glucose uptake?
a) patients 2 and 3
b) patient 3
c) patient 2
d) patient 4
e) patients 2 an 4
Peptide hormones include which of the following?
a) estrogen
b) calcitonin
c) follicle-stimulating hormone and estrogen
d) follicle-stimulating hormone and calcitonin
e) follicle-stimulating hormone
Which of the following is INCORRECTLY matched with one of its functions?
a) FSH – stimulates ovarian follicle growth
b) estrogen – provides protection against osteoporosis
c) calcitonin – inhibits osteoblast activity
d) all of the above are matched correctly
Which of the following is INCORRECTLY matched with its primary secreting organ?
a) estrogen – ovaries
b) calcitonin – thyroid gland
c) FSH – ovaries
d) all of the above are matched correctly
Inhibiting osteoclast activity would prevent _______.
a) osteoporosis
b) ovariectomy
c) osteopenia
d) osteopenia and osteoporosis
Replacement therapies for which two hormones were tested in this experiment?
a) saline and calcitonin
b) saline and estrogen
c) FSH and calcitonin
d) FSH and estrogen
e) estrogen and calcitonin
Which of the following showed the greatest improvement in vertebral bone density for the rats?
a) FSH
b) estrogen
c) saline
d) calcitonin
The baseline T score for the rats was indicate of ________.
a) osteoporosis, because their ovaries were removed
b) osteopenia, because their ovaries were remvoed
c) osteopenia, because their anterior pituitary was removed
d) osteoporosis, because they were postmenopausal
e) osteoporosis, because their anterior pituitary was removed
Which of the following improved the vertebral bone density of the rats?
a) FSH
b) estrogen
c) saline
d) both calcitonin and estrogen
e) calcitonin
The target cells for the hormone ACTH are located in the ________.
a) posterior pituitary
b) anterior pituitary
c) adrenal cortex
d) hypothalamus
Tropic hormones include which of the following?
a) cortisol, ACTH, and CRH
b) ACTH
c) CRH
d) both ACTH and CRH
e) cortisol
Which of the following is NOT characterized by high levels of cortisol in the blood?
a) Addison’s disease
b) Cushing’s syndrome
c) iatrogenic Cushing’s syndrome
d) Cushing’s disease
Iatrogenic Cushing’s syndrome is _______.
a) a result of treatment with glucocorticoid hormones
b) often referred to as “steroid diabetes”
c) physician induced
d) all of the above are correct
High levels of cortisol would normally provide negative feedback to the ________.
a) anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus
b) hypothalamus
c) posterior pituitary and the hypothalamus
d) anterior pituitary
e) posterior pituitary
Which patients would be diagnosed with primary hypercortisolism?
a) patients 2 and 5
b) patients 3 and 4
c) patients 3 and 5
d) patients 4 and 5
Which patient would be diagnosed with secondary hypercortisolism?
a) patient 1
b) patient 5
c) patient 2
d) patient 4
e) patient 3
Which patient would be diagnosed with secondary adrenal insufficiency?
a) patient 1
b) patient 2
c) patient 4
d) patient 5
e) patient 3
-nervous system
-secrete hormones into the ECF
-located on the target cell’s surface, in its cytosol, or in its nucleus
-receptor location in the target cell
-catecholamine
-causes a second-messenger cascade in the cytoplasm of the target cell
-more able to respond to a stimulus
-thyroxine
-interact with the nucleus
-once there is too much of the hormone, its release will be inhibited
-catabolism
-energy is stored in the chemical bonds when larger molecules are formed
-breaking of chemical bonds releases energy that the cell can use
-secrete thyroxine into the general circulation
-primary endocrine gland
-secretes several hormones that affect the pituitary gland
-produces TSH which then stimulates the thyroid to produce thyroxine
-reduce production of TRH
-transports many hormones from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland
-TSH: stimulates production of thyroxine
-ACTH
-CRH
-3 rats
-stored as glycogen
-stimulation of bone growth and protection against osteoporosis
-decreased bone mass
-increased susceptibility to fractures
-counteracts development of osteoporosis
-inhibits osteoclast activity
-stimulates calcium uptake and deposition in long bones
-indicator of the structural strength of the bone
-screen for osteoporosis
-iatrogenic
-“steroid diabetes”: results in hyperglycemia
-increased levels of ACTH
-primary adrenal insufficiency
-low levels of ACTH
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