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Ground State
the normal electron configuration of atoms or ions in an element where all electrons are in the lowest energy level possible
Excited State
when atoms or ions in the ground state are heated to high temperatures some electrons may absorb enough energy to allow them to “jump” to higher energy levels; this is an unstable state
Flame tests
the energy that was absorbed by the electrons is emitted in the form of electromagnetic energy; some of this energy might be in the form of visible light; the color of this light can be used as a way of identifying the elements involved; useful in identifying metallic ions
purpose of lab
to observe the characteristic colors produced by certain metallic ions when vaporized in a flame; identify unknown metallic ions by means of the flame test
equipment needed in lab
1) 10 mL graduated cylinder
2) laboratory burner
3) safety goggles
4) lab apron
5) wooden splints
materials needed in lab
1) 0.5 M solutions of nitrates of: Na+, K+, Li+, Ca2, Sr2+, Ba2+, Cu2+
2) unidentified solutions 1 & 2
how many metallic ions & nitrates will you be observing?
2 metallic ions (2 unknowns) & 7 nitrates
safety precautions
always wear goggles and an apron when working in the lab
quanta
a distinct quantity of energy that is proportional in magnitude to the frequency of the radiation that it represents
what is the equation for speed of light (c)
(c) = frequency (v) x wavelength (λ)
{c = v x λ}
other equations we need during the lab:
1) c = 3.00 x 10 (8th power) m/s
2) Hz = s (-1st power)
3) E = hv
4) h = 6.626 x 10 (-34th power) Jxs
pour about ______ mL of water into a ______ mL beaker
20 mL of water & 50 mL beaker
what are you going to do with the wooden splints?
soak one in each beaker of metal solution for a few minutes (USE A DIFFERENT SPLINT FOR EACH SOLUTION)
what kind of burner will you use?
a Bunsen burner
what will you do with the splints & the flame?
you are putting each splint under the edge of a flame (moving it up & down) & observing the color of the flame
what should you do with the splints after you are done with them?
extinguish each one in the 50 mL beaker of water (DO NOT PUT THEM IN THE SINK)
will you test each nitrate solution in the same manner as before?
yes
what will you do with the sample of the 2 unknown samples?
perform the flame test & record your results on the data list
how many flowcharts are there?
1
how many steps are there in the procedures?
five
how many questions are there?
*eight* (11-a,b,c)
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